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Canada

Canada (in English: Canada) is a country in North America, consisting of 10 provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and extends north into the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the second country worldwide in terms of total area. The boundaries of Canada shared with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. 
Canada lands inhabited for thousands of years by different groups of indigenous people. Solutions with the late fifteenth century began campaigning the British and French to explore the area and then Astotntha along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British colonies in North America through the confederation of Canada was formed as a federal entity, a sovereign comprises four provinces. It began operation widened the area of ​​Canada and the expansion of its autonomy from the United Kingdom. This independence manifested itself through legislation and Westminster in 1931 and culminating in the image of Canada Act in 1982, which cut the legal dependence of Canada on the British parliament. 
Canada is a federal state ruled by a representative democratic system and constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as the leader of the state. Canadian nation bilingual nation where English and French are official languages ​​at the federal level. Canada is one of the most advanced countries in the world, owns a diversified economy based on its abundant natural resources, and on trade, particularly with the United States, which share a long and complex relationship. Canada is a member of the Group of Seven industrialized nations and the Group of Eight and the Group of Twenty and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the World Trade Organization and the countries of the Commonwealth and the Francophonie and the Organization of American States and the APEC and the United Nations. Canada has one of the highest standards of living in the world where the human development index ranking it eighth in the world.

Economy 

Representatives of the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States sign a free trade agreement for North America in 1992. 
Canada is one of the richest countries in the world where rising by per capita income. They are also members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Group of Eight. Furthermore, it is on the list of the top ten trading nations. [125] is Canada's economy a mixed economy and ranks above the United States and most of Western Europe, according to the index of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom. [126] the largest foreign importers for goods of Canada are the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan.] 127] 
In the last century, resulting in the growth sectors of manufacturing, mining and services to transform the country from a rural economy to a large extent to the one of the most industrialized nations and urban areas. Like other first world countries, dominates the Canadian economy, the service industry, which employs about three-quarters of Canadians. [128] characterized by Canada among developed nations in interest in the first sector of the economy, where it is the logging industry and the oil of the most important industries in Canada. [129] 
Canada is of the few developed countries are net exporters of energy. [130] Atlantic Canada region has large amounts of natural gas, in addition to focusing major sources of oil and gas in the province of Alberta. While making the Athabasca oil sands region of Canada second in the world's proven oil reserves after Saudi Arabia. [131] 
Canada of the most important countries in the world in the supply of agricultural products, where the Canadian prairies of the most important places supplier of wheat, canola and other grains. [132] Moreover, Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium, they also have the status of a global leader in a lot of natural resources others, such as gold, nickel, aluminum and lead. [130] the life in many northern cities, which are difficult to agriculture on the existence of a nearby mine or source of timber. In addition, Canada has a huge industrial sector is concentrated in southern Ontario and Quebec, where the automotive industry, aeronautics important industries in particular. 
Increased economic integration with the United States dramatically since World War II. Led automotive products trade agreement signed in 1965 to open the borders of trade in the automotive sector. In the seventies of the last century, prompted concerns about energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the industry sectors Liberal government headed by Pierre Trudeau to create a national energy program as well as the establishment of a review of foreign investment. [134] 
In the eighties of the last century, the prime minister, who belongs to the party's conservative Progressive Brian Mulroney to cancel the program national energy and changed the name of the Foreign Investment Review to Canada to invest in order to encourage foreign investment. [135] also led the Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States in 1988 to eliminate tariffs between the two countries. While included free trade agreement in North America, Mexico to the system in the nineties. [132] in the middle of that decade began Liberal government headed by Jean Chretien in the deportation of surplus annual budget and proceeded to reduce the public debt consistently. [136] hurt the global financial crisis in 2008 Canada and entered in the recession could raise the unemployment rate to 10%. [137] in 2008, the value of Canadian imports more than 442.9 billion, including $ 280.8 billion from the United States and 11.7 billion from Japan, 11.3 billion from the United Kingdom.] 127] trade deficit of the country in 2009, about 4.8 billion Canadian dollars compared to a surplus of 46.9 billion Canadian dollars in 2008. [138] 

As of October 2009, the unemployment rate was 8.6% in Canada. Vary unemployment rates in the counties between 5.8% in Manitoba to 17% in Novnlund and Labrador. [139] between October 2008 and October 2010, lost Canadian labor market 162,000 full-time jobs and about 224,000 permanent jobs. [140] estimated debt of Canada federal estimated 566.7 billion dollars in 2010-2011, up from 463.7 billion dollars in 2008-2009. [141] net external debt rose to Canada for $ 41 billion dollars to 194 billion dollars in the first quarter of 2010.

Provincial and district 
Crystal Clear app kdict.png detailed article: provinces and territories of Canada 
Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories. Can be distributed to those regions: Western Canada and Central Canada and Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Counties have the widest autonomy of the regions. Counties are considered responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as health care, education and social welfare) and together collect more revenue from the federal government, the structure of which is almost unique among federations in the world. Can the federal government through its spending power to start national policies in the areas of counties such as Canada Health Act, provinces can get out of those commitments, but rarely do so in practice. Pay the federal government budget that payments to ensure the retention unified standards of services and reasonable taxes between rich and poor districts. [112] 

Geopolitical map of Canada shows the ten provinces and three territories 
Geography 
Photo spacecraft to Canada. Boreal forests prevail on the rocky Canadian Shield. While dominated by ice and tundra in the Arctic. Show glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the coastal mountains. The flat fertile prairies and facilitate agriculture. Feed the Great Lakes region, the St. Lawrence River (in the southeast), where the plains hosts a large proportion of the population of Canada 
Occupies Canada, a large portion of northern North America, and shares land borders with the United States in the south and the state of Alaska in the north-west, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. [113] [114] calculates the total area (including its waters), Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia. In terms of land area occupies the fourth place Canada. [114] 
The country is located between latitudes 41 degrees and 84 degrees north and longitude 52 degrees and 141 degrees west. Since 1925, Canada has demanded part of the North Pole between longitudes 60 degrees and 141 degrees west [115], but their demands are not recognized internationally. Maximum settlements Canadian (and international) in the north is the Canadian Forces Station Alert on the northern tip of the island of Alesamar - Latitude 82.5 degrees north - just 817 km from the North Pole. [116] ice and frost covers a large part of the Canadian Arctic. Canada also has the longest coastline in the world a length of 202.080 km. [114] 
A semi-circular waterfall between two outcrops of forests

Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls in Ontario. [117] is one of the largest waterfalls in the world in size and is famous for both its beauty and being a valuable source of hydroelectric power. 
Since the last ice age and Canada consisting of eight forest areas distinct including boreal forests wide of the Canadian Shield. [118] Canada has lakes, more than any other country and has so most of the world's freshwater. [119] There is also a glacier water fresh in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the coastal mountains. Canada's active geology, where the number of earthquakes and volcanoes-efficient underlying notably Mount Meagher and Mount Garibaldi and Mount Kelly and complex mountain Adziza volcanic. [120] caused a volcanic eruption in the cone Tseixas in 1775 in disaster tragic, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley and northern British Columbia. Hmmaa eruption produced a flow length of 22.5 km, according to legend Nisga'a people, those lava stopped the flow of the river people. [121] 
The population density of 3.3 people per square kilometer, is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City and Windsor corridor is located in southern Quebec and southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. [122] 

Differs from the average temperature in winter and summer by location. Can be a winter harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in inland provinces and the plains and facing continental climate, where the average daily temperature near -15 ° C, but may drop to less than -40 degrees Celsius in the presence of wind frigid severe. [123] in non-coastal areas had snow covers the ground for almost six months of the year (most in the north). The coast of British Columbia has a temperate climate with mild winters and rainy. On the east and west coasts, the average summer temperatures are generally in their early twenties degrees Celsius while the coasts at between 25-30 degrees Celsius while it may reach high temperatures in some cases, in some inland areas at 40 degrees Celsius. [124]